Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature Review - Essay Example After a thorough review of primary and secondary sources, their investigation revealed a difference between the decisions of budget cutback and information technology. Cost effectiveness was found to be an important criterion for making the decisions of budget cutback. These decisions took lesser time to be made and were quite volatile in their nature i.e. may alter with time. Here, number of participants was not affected by the content of decision. Contrary to this, cost effectiveness was found unimportant in the decisions of information technology, time consumed in decision making was longer and once made, decisions were generally permanent. This tells that the content of decision can have a great impact on the significance of various criteria, time consumed in the decision making process and the stability of decision. This finding contradicts the conventional understanding that cultivates in the minds of people regarding the factors that affect the process of decision making. In t he conventional understanding, the process of decision making is only controlled by the contingencies originating in the environment and the organization. 2. In his research, Nutt (2005) compared the decision making in the public sector with that in the private sector with the help of an experiment. To achieve this, decision making in a business company was compared with that in a governmental agency that was supported with tax. Practices and preferences of mid level managers were captured with the simulation in the public and private sectors. Managers involved in the study were required by simulation to estimate the risks and opportunities of acquiring budgets for the two sectors. In order to design the budget that would be sufficient for an organization functioning in a public and private sector, a cognitive culture was used which placed emphasis on the estimation and bargaining. A controversial and otherwise amount of budget was used for both the cases. Results of their research suggested that managers in public sector make use of networking and bargaining while those in the private sector make use of estimation and assumption. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that public sector managers prefer group decision making whereas private sector managers believe in individualistic capabilities. The research concluded that managers go for budgets that suit their individualistic cognitive style. The difference in the support of budget decisions in the public and private sector managers essentially speaks of the work culture that dwells in the two types of settings. Most works in public sector are done through networking and bargaining, whereas in the private sector, one has to rely on one’s ability and assessment to make the rational decisions. 3. In his research, Al Yahya (2008) studied an integrative multiple links model among three traits, namely the sharing of power-influence in making the decisions, work-related outcomes (WRO) and cultur e of Saudi Arabian organizations belonging to the public sector. These conceptual associations have not been explored much in the public sector organizations conventionally. Traits of competence as knowledge, ability and skill are used effectively in the participative practices as shown by the model of structural equation. This influences individuals’ thoughts about WRO that include but are not limited to

Do Persisting Objects Endure or Perdure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Do Persisting Objects Endure or Perdure - Essay Example 1). In contrast, the three-dimensionalists tend to put to question this analogy. As per the three-dimensionalists, the persisting things tend to wholly be present at the specific time at which they exist. Again, the four-dimensionalists totally reject this. As per the four-dimensionalists, the persisting objects exist through time by perduring (Sider, 2001, p. 1). Leaving aside the ordinary spatial parts of persisting objects, they also tend to have temporal parts in all the times in which they existed (Gallois 1998, p. 175). So, to put it in simple words, four-dimensionalism happens to be a view regarding the ontological status of objects that are non-present (Hudson 2001). As per the opinion of the Presentists, it is only the present objects that exist. In its simplistic interpretation, as per the Presentists, there exist no Dodos, though such birds existed in the past, there are no urban structures on the moon, though such structures may be erected in the future. In contrast, as p er the four-dimensionalists, there exist both the past and future objects, and whiling asserting so the four-dimensionalists tend to put the past objects, ontologically in tandem with the present objects. ... 8). It will be utterly interesting to try to explain this assertion by taking an analogy. Let us imagine a Girl Josephine, who was born in the year 1972, who got admitted to a school in the year 1977 and graduated from a college in the year 1990. Now the three-dimensionalist approach regarding the existence of Josephine would be that she progressively moved through each of these phases of her life, totally whole and fully complete. Though Josephine was certainly different in each of these successive phases of her life, like she put on weight, she gained height, she got more learned, yet, it was one and the same Josephine, which exited in her entirety at each of these successive phases in her life. Hence, as per the three-dimensionalists, Josephine stands to be an ordinary three dimensional object, and a temporally non-extended persisting object. In other words, as per the three-dimensionalists, Josephine tends to endure as she lasted over time by being wholly present at each of the a bove mentioned successive phases in her life. Such an approach towards reality smacks of a harshly logical interpretation of existence, which leaves no scope for creative imagination and a possible scientific inquiry into the nature of existence through time (Hudson 2006). In contrast, the four-dimensionalist approach towards reality is more solid, replete with creative ingenuity and in tandem with the recent developments in physics and psychology (Hudson 2006). The four-dimensionalists tend to believe that persisting objects tend to perdure, or in other words, the persisting objects happen to last over time, without being wholly present at every successive phase of time in which they happened to exist (Inwagen 1993, p. 173). So, in case of Josephine, the